Psycho-Babble Medication Thread 105910

Shown: posts 1 to 25 of 25. This is the beginning of the thread.

 

Methadone for Depression?

Posted by Annie Z. on May 10, 2002, at 15:46:36


I have been thinking about taking opioids for depression for a long time, and I now have a doctor who will let me try opioids (I think). I may try Methadone because it is cheap, and it requires only one dose per day, and easy to administer. Oxycontin is another one I am considering since it is a time-release medication and has a long half-life. What would Methadone’s advantages be over Oxycontin? Oxycontin is very expensive, and I would rather not use it if Methadone is nearly as good as Oxycontin.

Another concern I have about taking opioids is that if I need to control pain sometime with opioids, I may not be able to get good pain control because I am already tolerant to such a high dose of opioids.

Your comments, please.

 

Re: Methadone for Depression?

Posted by paxvox on May 13, 2002, at 17:56:37

In reply to Methadone for Depression?, posted by Annie Z. on May 10, 2002, at 15:46:36

Oh my, do you REALLY want to open this can of worms?

PAX

 

Re: Methadone for Depression?

Posted by Annie Z. on May 13, 2002, at 22:39:39

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression?, posted by paxvox on May 13, 2002, at 17:56:37

Yes, I REALLY do, since I may start Methadone this month and REALLY need some advice quickly.

 

Re: Methadone for Depression?

Posted by Lisa Simpson on May 14, 2002, at 5:35:56

In reply to Methadone for Depression?, posted by Annie Z. on May 10, 2002, at 15:46:36

Hi Annie. I can't comment about taking methadone, as I have no experience of it. However, I do take large amounts of codeine - this is supposed to be for my ulcerative colitis, but it helps with depression too. And I've got to admit that because I've been taking it for so long and in such large amounts, that when I go into hospital for something else (i.e. a colonoscopy) where they give you a different pain relief (pethidine and valium), I find it doesn't work nearly as good with me as with other people because I have such a resistance to that sort of thing. It means I have to suffer pain unnecessarily. The doctors won't give me higher doses to make up for it, because they don't believe I can be that resistant. So it is a vicious circle. I really, really wish I could give up (or even cut down drastically) on my codeine, because I'm worried that in the future I might be in real pain for some reason or another, and I won't be able to get the pain relief I need. Like giving birth! The pethidine I was given then had no effect whatsoever.

There! You have my thoughts on this... dunno whether it's any help to you. I believe stuff like that can help depression, but I think you have to be careful not to take too much, you may have problems in the future if you ever get a really painful problem.

Lisa

 

Re: Methadone for Depression?

Posted by littlebaldy29 on May 14, 2002, at 16:18:12

In reply to Methadone for Depression?, posted by Annie Z. on May 10, 2002, at 15:46:36

> I just want to start by saying that I don't want to compare your situation to anyone else's but I think that methadone can be very evil. A friend of mine is a recovering addict and it has taken him three years to get off methadone. Aside from it being highly addictive, it's very sedating! You may want to think long and hard about taking this. I wish you the best.

> I have been thinking about taking opioids for depression for a long time, and I now have a doctor who will let me try opioids (I think). I may try Methadone because it is cheap, and it requires only one dose per day, and easy to administer. Oxycontin is another one I am considering since it is a time-release medication and has a long half-life. What would Methadone’s advantages be over Oxycontin? Oxycontin is very expensive, and I would rather not use it if Methadone is nearly as good as Oxycontin.
>
> Another concern I have about taking opioids is that if I need to control pain sometime with opioids, I may not be able to get good pain control because I am already tolerant to such a high dose of opioids.
>
> Your comments, please.

 

Re: Methadone for Depression?

Posted by Annie Z. on May 14, 2002, at 21:23:35

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression?, posted by Lisa Simpson on May 14, 2002, at 5:35:56

Thank you very much for the reply. I am sorry you have had to go through a lot of pain unnecessarily. Too bad your doctors were so ignorant and indifferent about your pain. Perhaps they aren’t ignorant, and they are worried that the DEA will come after them.
I will certainly keep your post in mind when I try Methadone.

Can you tell me how much Codeine you are on, so that I compare your dosage to methadone dosages? (I have an opioid analgesic equivalence chart that lets me compare dosages of different opioids.)

> Hi Annie. I can't comment about taking methadone, as I have no experience of it. However, I do take large amounts of codeine - this is supposed to be for my ulcerative colitis, but it helps with depression too. And I've got to admit that because I've been taking it for so long and in such large amounts, that when I go into hospital for something else (i.e. a colonoscopy) where they give you a different pain relief (pethidine and valium), I find it doesn't work nearly as good with me as with other people because I have such a resistance to that sort of thing. It means I have to suffer pain unnecessarily. The doctors won't give me higher doses to make up for it, because they don't believe I can be that resistant. So it is a vicious circle. I really, really wish I could give up (or even cut down drastically) on my codeine, because I'm worried that in the future I might be in real pain for some reason or another, and I won't be able to get the pain relief I need. Like giving birth! The pethidine I was given then had no effect whatsoever.
>
> There! You have my thoughts on this... dunno whether it's any help to you. I believe stuff like that can help depression, but I think you have to be careful not to take too much, you may have problems in the future if you ever get a really painful problem.
>
> Lisa

 

Re: Methadone for Depression?

Posted by Annie Z. on May 14, 2002, at 21:26:18

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression?, posted by littlebaldy29 on May 14, 2002, at 16:18:12

Thanks for the reply. Do you or anyone know if Methadone is considered more sedating than other opioids?


> > I just want to start by saying that I don't want to compare your situation to anyone else's but I think that methadone can be very evil. A friend of mine is a recovering addict and it has taken him three years to get off methadone. Aside from it being highly addictive, it's very sedating! You may want to think long and hard about taking this. I wish you the best.
>
> > I have been thinking about taking opioids for depression for a long time, and I now have a doctor who will let me try opioids (I think). I may try Methadone because it is cheap, and it requires only one dose per day, and easy to administer. Oxycontin is another one I am considering since it is a time-release medication and has a long half-life. What would Methadone’s advantages be over Oxycontin? Oxycontin is very expensive, and I would rather not use it if Methadone is nearly as good as Oxycontin.
> >
> > Another concern I have about taking opioids is that if I need to control pain sometime with opioids, I may not be able to get good pain control because I am already tolerant to such a high dose of opioids.
> >
> > Your comments, please.

 

Re: Methadone for Depression?

Posted by Lisa Simpson on May 15, 2002, at 7:28:13

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression?, posted by Annie Z. on May 14, 2002, at 21:23:35

Well, do you really want the truth? Here goes. I get prescribed 6 x 60mg tablets of codeine phosphate a day. But I can take up to 18 x 60mg tablets at a time. When I run out, I buy something called Nurofen Plus over the counter, half of which contains codeine. When it was first released, the tablets used to be pink and white, and you knew the white side was codeine, so I used to bite that side off. Eventually the company twigged what people were doing, so they made the tablets all white. But I figured that they wouldn't go to all the expense of changing their machinery to make the tablets, and they still split in half like they used to, so I can bite off the codeine side still, and it works. So you can see I have a real problem with codeine. But it helps so much with my depression, I can't give it up. I hope this gives you some idea - please let me know what happens with you. You have my support.

Lisa

 

Re: Methadone for Depression?

Posted by skills on May 15, 2002, at 16:14:51

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression?, posted by Lisa Simpson on May 15, 2002, at 7:28:13

Sounds like the codiene is what is making you depressed, life without it seems unbareable. Try and take less

 

Re: Methadone for Depression? » Lisa Simpson

Posted by paxvox on May 15, 2002, at 20:18:12

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression?, posted by Lisa Simpson on May 15, 2002, at 7:28:13

Lisa, I'm curious. Obviously you are not in the U.S, because we don't have the luxury of OTC opiates or opioids, even those one has to bite in half. I do like that little story though.

18x60mg of codeine in a single dose? That sounds rather high. Is your codeine mixed with acetaminophen like ours in the U.S.? If so....that would be a DANGEROUSLY high level of ACP, very toxic to the liver. 10 grams (or less) of ACP will cause liver failure if taken in a single dose.

How long have you been on the codeine? I understand the effect it has on your depression, but aren't you concerned about your addiction?

Now I'm not saying I wouldn't or couldn't fall into the same sort of "trap" were I to have that kind of access to codeine (or hydrocodone, oxcycodone etc...). I DO KNOW how it makes one feel. It's no coincidence. Think of beta-endorphines....our body's own little poppy plant.

Anyway.....I know how easily that trap can shut on someone, seen it happen too many times. What is your "long term" plan? You can't keep taking it forever, can you?

Sorry if I am being intrusive.


PAX

 

Re: Methadone for Depression? » paxvox

Posted by Lisa Simpson on May 16, 2002, at 6:42:58

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression? » Lisa Simpson, posted by paxvox on May 15, 2002, at 20:18:12

Hi Pax, thanks for your reply. And of course, you're not being intrusive. I'm touched that you care enough to write. No, I'm not in the US, I'm in the UK. Yes, I am terribly addicted to the stuff. But I don't know what to do about it. I have been on it for so long, i.e. 20 years, it would be terribly difficult to come off. I don't have anyone to support me, which might help. The trouble is, this isn't the only problem I have. I have a real anxiety/panic attack problem, which means I take whatever pills I can get my hands on, and I drink more alcohol that you would believe. I wish there was a magic solution to this... but there isn't. I wish I had a friend nearby who could support me to stop all this, but I don't. I know people will say I'm weak and should be able to stop all this by myself. But, sorry, I can't. Thanks, Pax, for your response. I appreciate it.

Lisa

 

Re: Methadone for Depression? lisa

Posted by skills on May 16, 2002, at 15:36:19

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression? » paxvox, posted by Lisa Simpson on May 16, 2002, at 6:42:58

I had a similar addiction to opioids. I was detoxed using lofexadine in a centre in the uk. You could try and get a place at a private clinic funded by the NHS. Talk to your gp. Just a suggestion

 

Re: Methadone for Depression? » Lisa Simpson

Posted by paxvox on May 16, 2002, at 19:33:19

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression? » paxvox, posted by Lisa Simpson on May 16, 2002, at 6:42:58

Well, Lisa, I guess you have to decide which "evil" bothers you more. But first, you never answered about the acetaminaphen. Does your codeine have ACP in it? That really concerns me because of the possibility of liver damage.

OK, here goes..... You could choose to continue on as you have been doing, 20 years is a long time to live a certain "style" of life (i.e. very hard to change your ways). However, it doesn't sound as if you are really happy with that.

You could decide to get clean and sober, and find some other medical treatment for your depression and other ills. In the U.S., we have a rapid detox process that is available. Basically, they sedate you with benzos (most likely Versed - which is midazolam HCL) then they take you off your opiate/opioid quickly. You are kept sedated during the process (where you otherwise would be suffering withdrawal, DT, etc... if conscious). I don't know if you do this in the UK, it's not "readily" available here unless you have the $$$ to pay for it. A lot of insurance companies will not cover it.

The success rate for this process is about 75% w/o relapse, as long as the person WANTS to be clean. One would obviuosly need a strong support group to have this work.

You say you have no one to help you? Why? I'm sure you can get some sort of counseling can't you? You may not have a close personal friend etc...and that DOES help, but there HAS to be someone. You have to look until you find one. Again, you have to be motivated to WANT to change.

Personally, I would think it MORE depressing to be addicted to narcotics and/or alcohol than to have to take "conventional" antidepressants. Again, I must say I DO KNOW about how both can make you feel (or NOT feel?). I gave up drinking in July of 2000 after about 20+ years of fairly heavy consumption (24 beers a week). I quit cold turkey. I have "enjoyed" the occasional narcotic ride, but have never been addicted to them, so I really cannot be too subjective about that.

Basically, it comes to: "Do you want to be healed"? I know that sounds so stupid, and obvious, but the answer is not that simple. Some people choose to remain in their "known hell" than to take a chance for an "unknown" possibility. To put it in graphic terms, you get used to the smell of your own sh*t.

So.....that's about all the tidbits of "wisdom" I have to offer. I am interested to hear what you think, and ultimately, what you choose to do.

Good luck,

PAX

 

Re: Methadone for Depression?

Posted by Annie Z. on May 17, 2002, at 9:34:47

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression?, posted by Lisa Simpson on May 15, 2002, at 7:28:13

I am really worried about not getting enough pain relief in the hospital. Could you answer a few questions for me to help me understand?

> I get prescribed 6 x 60mg tablets of codeine phosphate a day. But I can take up to 18 x 60mg tablets at a time. When I run out, I buy something called Nurofen Plus over the counter, half of which contains codeine.

How much codeine were you taking on average when you were treated for pain during colonoscopy and child birth. How much pain medication did the doctors think you were on?

 

Re: Methadone for Depression? (Lisa) » paxvox

Posted by Elizabeth on May 18, 2002, at 9:38:32

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression? » Lisa Simpson, posted by paxvox on May 16, 2002, at 19:33:19

> Well, Lisa, I guess you have to decide which "evil" bothers you more. But first, you never answered about the acetaminaphen. Does your codeine have ACP in it? That really concerns me because of the possibility of liver damage.

I was sort of confused how to read what she said, but it sounded like the tabs are codeine on one side and something else (probably APAP, maybe aspirin or ibuprofen) on the other, so she could just split them and take the codeine half. AFAIK, the opioid-APAP (or whatever) combination pills available in the USA have the active ingredients mixed together so you can't do this. It sounds weird.

> You could decide to get clean and sober, and find some other medical treatment for your depression and other ills. In the U.S., we have a rapid detox process that is available. Basically, they sedate you with benzos (most likely Versed - which is midazolam HCL) then they take you off your opiate/opioid quickly. You are kept sedated during the process (where you otherwise would be suffering withdrawal, DT, etc... if conscious).

I don't think benzos will prevent or cover opioid withdrawal -- you can get general anaesthesia instead of or addition to a sedative, and I think that'd be less unpleasant (of course, there are certain risks with GA, but I think the risk would usually be outweighed by the benefit). Anyway, I think that GA is almost always used. If a person was given only a benzo for opioid withdrawal, I'd expect him/her to suffer a lot.

I had Versed a couple times during minor office procedures (e.g., steroid injection, dental stuff) and maybe it's just me, but I thought it was really, well, weak. I once had what I think was considered to be a pretty high dose (like, 10 mg IM, I think -- they started at a much lower dose but kept repeating it), and I was fully conscious and aware, which I don't think was the intent. Good thing I wasn't very nervous anyway. (I don't have any benzo tolerance.)

Getting back to rapid opioid detox...naltrexone or naloxone is also used. This is what makes it "rapid" -- the antagonist precipitates withdrawal.

> The success rate for this process is about 75% w/o relapse, as long as the person WANTS to be clean. One would obviuosly need a strong support group to have this work.

Yeah, addicts need good psychosocial support in order to stay off drugs. Getting off them is difficult enough, but remaining "clean" in the long term is the really tough part. Opioid withdrawal can be protracted, and for some people the cravings never go away completely.

I don't have any personal experience with drug dependence, but I empathize strongly with the feelings of isolation that you [Lisa] describe. My friends are scattered all over the country -- Boston, New York, DC, Atlanta, San Francisco, LA, St. Louis: basically all over -- and I seldom see any of them.

> Personally, I would think it MORE depressing to be addicted to narcotics and/or alcohol than to have to take "conventional" antidepressants.

I think that a major problem here is that ADs don't necessarily substitute for opioids. (FWIW, I've heard some remitted addicts say that Remeron was pretty good for them.)

MMT seems like it could be a decent solution for a lot of people. In the US, the clinic system is very oppressive in a lot of ways; I don't know anything about how it works in the UK. Of course, going on methadone as a substitute for codeine seems more than a little bit peculiar. Is Temgesic used for maintenance treatment over there?

-elizabeth

 

Re: Methadone for Depression? (Lisa)

Posted by skills on May 18, 2002, at 10:42:55

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression? (Lisa) » paxvox, posted by Elizabeth on May 18, 2002, at 9:38:32

i am in the u.k. and was detoxed rapidly using lofexadine. It is a good drug and the whole process to about a week to stabilize. Buprenorphine is not really used over here.

 

Re: Methadone for Depression? (Lisa)

Posted by Cisco on May 19, 2002, at 20:55:07

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression? (Lisa) » paxvox, posted by Elizabeth on May 18, 2002, at 9:38:32

"The success rate for ROD is 75%"

Great statistic! But an absolute lie. The ROD clinic's have no data whatsoever to back up this claim.

Detox is only the first step toward's living without Opioids. Most people (75%) relapse during the post-detox phase, known as "Abstinence Syndrome". This is marked by severe depression and dysphoria, which can last for Months/Years.
ROD is an abject failure as treatment, but an excellent enterprise for making money from addicts.

Cisco

 

Re: Methadone for Depression? Cisco

Posted by skills on May 20, 2002, at 7:00:41

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression? (Lisa), posted by Cisco on May 19, 2002, at 20:55:07

If you really want to stop using opioids you are more likely to abstain than if you don't. ROD can be very succesful in combination with psyco-therapy and suitable medication

 

Re: Methadone for Depression? » skills

Posted by Elizabeth on May 22, 2002, at 14:32:16

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression? (Lisa), posted by skills on May 18, 2002, at 10:42:55

> i am in the u.k. and was detoxed rapidly using lofexadine. It is a good drug and the whole process to about a week to stabilize. Buprenorphine is not really used over here.

Lofexidine is just an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, like clonidine. We don't have lofexidine here in the States; the only alpha2-agonists I know of that are used here are clonidine and guanfacine (Tenex). Clonidine is often used for opioid detox, and while it relieves some of the symptoms, it doesn't have a very good reputation. It definitely doesn't block craving, and it isn't suitable for maintenance treatment.

Buprenorphine is an actual opioid, although as a partial agonist its abuse potential is very limited (it's also very hard to kill yourself by ODing on it). I know that buprenorphine is used at least in some places in the UK, although I don't know how popular it is. It's marketed there as Temgesic, I believe. Maybe the clinic you were at just didn't use it, for whatever reason. It's used for maintenance tx in a lot of countries, and I know some people who say that it makes it *much* easier to get off of heroin and other full agonists. Many people are able to detox using only an alpha2-agonist (often because they aren't given a choice), but buprenorphine makes it a lot less horrific. Buprenorphine blocks opioid withdrawal symptoms in general (as opposed to treating one or two of them, as the alpha-agonists do), but the withdrawal symptoms of buprenorphine are so mild that many people can switch to buprenorphine for a couple days and then simply stop. Personally, I think that forcing people to undergo full-blown opioid withdrawal is a human rights violation. (I've watched people withdraw with no treatment, with clonidine and benzos only, and with buprenorphine, so it's not like I have no basis to form an opinion. I'm particularly recalling Shelli's story of how she was forced to go off methadone in the hospital with only a single small dose of buprenorphine.) I'm glad you were able to get through it with lofexidine only, but I think people should be able to choose how they want to detox.

On a related subject, I think you're right that people who really want to get off opioids are the most likely to succeed in staying off them. I know someone who just quit and didn't even have cravings when he watched other people taking drugs, simply because he was fed up with the junkie lifestyle ("sick of being sick" -- that must be an NA catch phrase, I'm guessing).

-e

 

Re: Methadone for Depression?Elizabeth

Posted by skills on May 24, 2002, at 14:54:04

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression?, posted by skills on May 23, 2002, at 7:56:54

> It does depend. In the uk it is quite difficult to get anything other than a methadone detox on the NHS, Although a recent government report pushed for the ability for GP's to prescribe diamorphine for addicits. The only option i had was a rapid lofexidine dextox. However i was not solely prescribed lofexidene.I was also given diaclofenac, respiridone, procyclidine, diazepam, chlopheniramine, metoclopromide, ibruprophen and hemineverin, chloral hydrate and zopiclone which sounds alot but it certainly cushoned my fall back to earth. I should also mention i was in the clinic for methamphetamine, lsd and dissociative anesthetic psychosis. When i realised where i was and what had happened i went into a deep depression. Effexor was very helpful with this and i had few discontinuation problems. My point is that i wanterd to stop abusing and because of this i do not crave drugs i feel physically ill at the prospect.Best wishes

 

Re: Methadone for Depression? » paxvox

Posted by Peter Milligan on October 17, 2007, at 5:46:35

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression?, posted by paxvox on May 13, 2002, at 17:56:37

Hi people, i am 41 years old. I got into heroin at a late age 35. I tried everything to get of it even commiting a crime (shoplifting) then going to the police and handing myself in then saying i will do it again if you let me out so then i go to jail. Too much smack in jail so that fails. Anyway i go on methadone. I was on it about a year when i decided i've grown up now. What a silly boy i,ve been. So i try to get of it. Its took 2 years to get back down to 20mls from 135mls. I start my lafexdine, buscapam and nitrazipam detox on the 19 september 07 in the bloody morning, really scared now, 2 days to go. But anyway enough of my problems. Anyone thinking of going on methadone for any other reason than heroin must be crazy or given wrong information. Its a life destroyer, ok not as bad as heroin but DO NOT TAKE IT FOR DEPRESSION OR YOU WILL END UP TEN TIMES WORSE, there are other things to help for that, i know, been there done that as well. PLEASE LISTEN TO ME, DO NOT TAKE METHADONE FOR ANYTHING ELSE OTHER THAN HEROIN ADDICTION. You will regret it i swear. Pete...

 

Re: Methadone for Depression? » Peter Milligan

Posted by Brody on October 18, 2007, at 9:46:31

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression? » paxvox, posted by Peter Milligan on October 17, 2007, at 5:46:35

Good Luck with your detox Peter!

 

Re: Methadone for Depression?

Posted by Sigismund on October 19, 2007, at 3:00:44

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression? » paxvox, posted by Peter Milligan on October 17, 2007, at 5:46:35

Yeah, I agree, Peter.

My experience is that methadone long term causes a low grade depression, and that's what I've seen in people on it.

 

Re: Methadone for Depression?

Posted by JYS on December 10, 2007, at 1:29:24

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression?, posted by Sigismund on October 19, 2007, at 3:00:44

It goes without saying that opiates are addictive and if you're taking them you will become dependent. For some of us, myself included, that is the price we pay, for it's theraputic value often outweighs this. That said, opiates have been known to successfully curb and even eliminate depression. Because it caused dependancy it's rarely prescribed for depression, but in cases when opiates are already prescribed for pain relief or drug addiction positive results have been observed. Plese see the study and results posted below as one example:


There has been much interest in recent years in the possible role of endogenous opioid peptides (endorphins) in depression (1). The high concentrates of opioid receptors and endorphins in limbic and hypothalamic regions, and their interaction with noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems, suggests involvement of endorphin systems in depression, as do certain clinical observations. These include anecdotal reports from the prepsychotropic era of the efficacy of opiates in depression, the appearance in some detoxified opiate addicts of depression responsive to opiates and antidepressants (2), and reports of improvement in some depressed patients following beta-endorphin (3). These observations, as well as the euphoric, analgesic, and calming effect of opiates, suggest that decreased functional activity in endorphin systems may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression.

The rest of this report is available at:
http://opioids.com/antidepressant/index.html

 

Re: Methadone for Depression?

Posted by JYS on December 10, 2007, at 1:31:35

In reply to Re: Methadone for Depression?, posted by Sigismund on October 19, 2007, at 3:00:44

It goes without saying that opiates are addictive and if you're taking them you will become dependent. For some of us, myself included, that is the price we pay, for it's theraputic value often outweighs this. That said, opiates have been known to successfully curb and even eliminate depression. But because it causes dependancy it's rarely prescribed for depression, but in cases when opiates are already prescribed for pain relief or drug addiction positive results have been observed. Plese see the study and results posted below as one example:


There has been much interest in recent years in the possible role of endogenous opioid peptides (endorphins) in depression (1). The high concentrates of opioid receptors and endorphins in limbic and hypothalamic regions, and their interaction with noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems, suggests involvement of endorphin systems in depression, as do certain clinical observations. These include anecdotal reports from the prepsychotropic era of the efficacy of opiates in depression, the appearance in some detoxified opiate addicts of depression responsive to opiates and antidepressants (2), and reports of improvement in some depressed patients following beta-endorphin (3). These observations, as well as the euphoric, analgesic, and calming effect of opiates, suggest that decreased functional activity in endorphin systems may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression.

The rest of this report is available at:
http://opioids.com/antidepressant/index.html


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