Psycho-Babble Medication Thread 1016

Shown: posts 1 to 25 of 1313. This is the beginning of the thread.

 

Effexor withdrawal - very bad news

Posted by janey on November 1, 1998, at 16:30:34

I don't know if Effexor has a shorter half life than the SSRIs, or really what the withdrawal side effects might be for those,
but Victor brought up a good point. Whenever I have missed more than 2-3 doses of my Effexor, whether the regular sort or the XR, the withdrawal is terrible.

In my experience, I have had a kind of numbness in my extremeties (this is such a wierd sensation, I don't even know if numbness is good description!), nausea, headache, extreme tearfulness, can't focus or make decisions, anorexia, and hot and cold chills just to name a few.

One question for the docs here. I hate this about myself, but why do I forget whether I took my medicine or not a lot of the time? I feel like an old lady having to put my pills in a little day-of-the week pill box. ~laughing~

Thanks for any all help.

janey

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news

Posted by jj on November 4, 1998, at 13:26:07

In reply to Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by janey on November 1, 1998, at 16:30:34

Effexor withdrawal? My daughter is bi-polar. She takes 100mg a day (am only). If she forgets to take her med, she has a bad headache, stomach ache, dizzy, and feels awful. We keep some medicine at school so if she forgets, then she has her med at school.

Old-lady? I now have week containers for am and pm. Still I forget if I have taken it--I think the drugs have slowed my thinking/remembering.

Hang in there. JJ

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news

Posted by Gordon Harris on November 14, 1998, at 17:26:45

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by jj on November 4, 1998, at 13:26:07

I found Effexor to be an apparent miracle-worker in helping me get over extreme depression and anxiety that had persisted for almost a year. Incredibly, only a dosage of 37 mg per day (taken am, pm, eve.) seemed to do the trick. After
3 months I was able to discontinue, but experienced bad temper, crying, and something like dizziness. After a month I went back to taking even less than 25 mg /day, but it does seem to help enormously. Nonetheless, I am once again
weaning off. I think the worst symptom is feelings of hostility that come over me
during periods of stress. But then, that's something to work on. I must say that the therapist that I have worked with has also helped me
understand my reactions to stress, and to realize that they are not me, but are simply the way I am responding.

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news

Posted by Victor on November 15, 1998, at 13:28:50

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by Gordon Harris on November 14, 1998, at 17:26:45

> I found Effexor to be an apparent miracle-worker in helping me get over extreme depression and anxiety that had persisted for almost a year. Incredibly, only a dosage of 37 mg per day (taken am, pm, eve.) seemed to do the trick. After
> 3 months I was able to discontinue, but experienced bad temper, crying, and something like dizziness. After a month I went back to taking even less than 25 mg /day, but it does seem to help enormously. Nonetheless, I am once again
> weaning off. I think the worst symptom is feelings of hostility that come over me
> during periods of stress. But then, that's something to work on. I must say that the therapist that I have worked with has also helped me
> understand my reactions to stress, and to realize that they are not me, but are simply the way I am responding.
Hello again!
Has anyone experienced terrifyng nightmares associated with
Effexor withdrawl? I taled with my therapist about my dose
being high, I take 150mg XR twice a day, and started to lower
my dose down to 150mg once a day. The nightmares were not as
bad as when I ran out of meducine during a business trip in
early October, but still bad enough. The other thing that
happenedwas that I had to go back to the higher dose.
A curious thing about the nightmares is that the nightmares
seemed to be related to my most traumatic experiences as a
child, and during my tour of duty in Viet Nam. Up until I
was 14, We (my sister and I) was ohisically, emotionally,
and spritually abused. I did not get toys at Christmas
because, as my grandmother put it, Jesus did not think that
we wer good enough. In El Salvador the Baby Jesus not
Santa Claus, brings toys to little girls and boys. I did
not know about Santa until I came to the USA in 1958.
I guess that it is too hot down there for that red
suit. I was beaten until I stopped crying, got on my
knees, and asked my grandmother for forgiveness for making
her so angry. I was also violated when I was 5, yes, VIOLATED,
molested does not beguin to describe what a 5 year old
goes through when two grown men decide to have fun with him.

I appologize for going on and on, but the nightmares were
all too real and brought all that stuff back to the surface.

 

Effexor withdrawal and dreams/nightmares

Posted by janey on November 15, 1998, at 17:42:58

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by Victor on November 15, 1998, at 13:28:50

Hi Victor and Gordon,

I had bad dreams when my Effexor dose was increased,
and when I had withdrawal from it (from either running
out of it, or forgetting to take it).

My bad dreams were nothing of the sort Victor
experienced, but they were weird and strange dreams.

In addition, I had a very strange feeling in my
arms, fingers, legs and toes... sort of a cross
between numbness and electrical currents running
through. I was very very weepy and emotional during
the withdrawal, too.

Good luck.

janey

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal & side effects

Posted by Dave K. on November 28, 1998, at 12:58:34

In reply to Effexor withdrawal and dreams/nightmares, posted by janey on November 15, 1998, at 17:42:58

Hello everyone... I'm on a dose of 487.5 (!) of Effexor (with no hypertension). If I forget to take my medicine in the morning, I feel awful by early afternoon ... nausea, dizziness, generally bad physically.
I also get that "electricity" feeling, combined with dizziness, especially if I hold my head still and move my eyes to look left or right.
I also have the "anorgasmia" side effect, which is a nuisance, as well as another one that I haven't seen mentioned: slight urine retention. After I urinate, there's usually just a little bit left (in my urethra, I guess) that dribbles ot later, like when I return to my desk and sit down (as I sit down ... there it goes.) It's not a "social problem" ... there's no big wet spot on my pants or anything, but it's annoying. My Dr. gave me Urispas to counter it, and it seemed to work initally, but then stopped. I didn't knwo what to make of it and just gave up.
I also (!) suffer from severe sweating at the slightest bit of activity. In the summer I would leave little wet spots on the plastic chairs at work. I was happy when Winter came, because the decrease in temperature helped a little, but now if the office is kept at a temperature that everyone else is comfortable at, I'm sweating and I feel like I can't breathe! (This is also hard to explain to my co-workers, because before I was on the Effexor I used to wear sweaters all the time, even into June, because I just wasn't hot!
Sorry this is so long... any advice?

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news

Posted by Linda on December 28, 1998, at 9:50:48

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by jj on November 4, 1998, at 13:26:07

> Effexor withdrawal? My daughter is bi-polar. She takes 100mg a day (am only). If she forgets to take her med, she has a bad headache, stomach ache, dizzy, and feels awful. We keep some medicine at school so if she forgets, then she has her med at school.
> Old-lady? I now have week containers for am and pm. Still I forget if I have taken it--I think the drugs have slowed my thinking/remembering.
> Hang in there. JJ

I had been taking Prozac for 2 years to no avail...could see nor feel any
improvement. My Dr. put me on Effexor.... and HOOBOY
It effects-her!...I felt awful on it. Lethargic with constant headaches…. But worse than that...when I went off of It.I now have terrible night sweats/restlessness, and pins and needles when I walk. I have gotten so bad, I can't function. Anyone else
having similar withdrawal reactions? This is terrible!

Sincerely,
Linda

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news

Posted by saint james on December 31, 1998, at 0:42:34

In reply to Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by janey on November 1, 1998, at 16:30:34

> I don't know if Effexor has a shorter half life than the SSRIs, or really what the withdrawal side effects might be for those,


James here...

Yep...short half life...it is one of the few AD's that has a short half life. For this reason it is best to not take 1 big dose at night...do a divided dose. I get no withdrawal but Effexor greatly improves my cognation (dopamine ?) so I quickly feel it's lack of effects. On other lists
many have reported it is tuff to come off of...it would seem that as Effexor rapidly clears from your system this may be part of the reason. I have tolerated doses as high as 400 mgs and take 200-300 a day. Makes me sweat a bit (and I have a genetic predisposition to doing this anyway) but I get used to this...it is only a problem if is miss a dose. Above 400 mgs my tummy cannot take it...another common problem.

james

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - slightly better news

Posted by Paul on December 31, 1998, at 17:29:57

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by saint james on December 31, 1998, at 0:42:34

A couple weeks ago I tapered off 375mg/day Effexor XR (eXtended Release - easier dosing), while ramping up desiprimine.

Was not fun. I felt an odd blend of dizzy and fuzzy-headed. However, the day I still felt fuzzed out (on around 37.5 mg Effexor), I happened to my third biweekly "craniosacral therapy" treatment.

Afterward, I realized the dizzy-fuzziness had lifted for the first time in days. Stayed away for a couple hours, and returned only mildly and briefly. I stopped the Effexor cold at that point.

I don't know much about craniosacral therapy except:

- it was apparently pioneered by a Dr. John Upledger, one of whose books ventured a little far toward the spooky for me
- Dr. Andrew Weil recently said it helped kids with recurrent ear infections
- it's very gentle and mellow, as I've experienced it: extremely relaxing, non-threatening, pleasant.

If craniosacral therapy can help somone else deal w/withdrawal, that'd be great. It seemed to help me, unless the effect was coincidental and it was really the desiprimine that finally started to help. I doubt it.

I've now switched to Celexa, by the way, which has fewer side effects than desiprimine for me and seems to be working reasonably well.

Best wishes for a New Year full of peace, love and joy.

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - slightly better news

Posted by LB on May 28, 2000, at 23:40:13

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal - slightly better news, posted by Paul on December 31, 1998, at 17:29:57

In reply to Paul's recommendation of cranio-sacral therapy on 12/31/99, I love it! I haven't a clue if it had anything to do with Paul's feeling better with his Effexor withdrawal, but it is the most relaxing touch therapy I've ever had. I fall asleep! It also makes sense to add in cranio-sacral therapy if you're doing chiropractic for a greater whole-body approach. But, if you've had an accident, both the chiropracter and CS therapist have said go to the chiropracter first, then the cranio-sacral specialist.

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news

Posted by LB on May 28, 2000, at 23:51:49

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by saint james on December 31, 1998, at 0:42:34

Y'all are scaring me to death! I've been on Effexor several months now, and it seems to work for me, but when does anything ever work forever? So, now I'm worried about ever going off it!

I take Effexor XR 75 mg morning and 75 mg night, BuSpar AM and PM plus Klonopin low dose at night. Started the BuSpar in January because of overwhelming stress at work, and it helped a great deal. Now I'm off work but seem to be feeling more... something. At first I thought it was anxious, but now I'm not sure. It's starting to feel more like a slide into major depression.

We had started to increase the BuSpar from 10 mg AM and PM to 20 mg AM and PM, and I didn't notice any difference at the 15mg level. Now, at the 20 mg AM/PM of BuSpar, I'm feeling more depressed, maybe more anxious, can't tell anymore. Any ideas on whether the BuSpar could be causing this, or what?

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news

Posted by Orin on May 29, 2000, at 20:37:36

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by LB on May 28, 2000, at 23:51:49

Before deciding that the higher buspirone dose will be problematic, give it a few weeks. The higher doses have helped me.

At that dose I'd bet its increasing your heart rate and it feels sort of like anxiety. If I was going to blame a med for the lower mood, I'd blame the klonopin.

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news

Posted by NikkiT on May 30, 2000, at 9:08:01

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by Gordon Harris on November 14, 1998, at 17:26:45

What??? I thought that Effexor was very limited in it's withdrawal... Sheesh.. could this epxlain why I've felt like a huge pile of dog doo doo since I stopped my Effexor on THursday?? Was on 225mg / day, and stopped cold turkey...

Plus, I've cried nearly all weekend, but put it down the the insomnia!


> I found Effexor to be an apparent miracle-worker in helping me get over extreme depression and anxiety that had persisted for almost a year. Incredibly, only a dosage of 37 mg per day (taken am, pm, eve.) seemed to do the trick. After
> 3 months I was able to discontinue, but experienced bad temper, crying, and something like dizziness. After a month I went back to taking even less than 25 mg /day, but it does seem to help enormously. Nonetheless, I am once again
> weaning off. I think the worst symptom is feelings of hostility that come over me
> during periods of stress. But then, that's something to work on. I must say that the therapist that I have worked with has also helped me
> understand my reactions to stress, and to realize that they are not me, but are simply the way I am responding.

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news

Posted by Libby on June 1, 2000, at 16:26:52

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by NikkiT on May 30, 2000, at 9:08:01

> What??? I thought that Effexor was very >limited in it's withdrawal... Sheesh.. could >this epxlain why I've felt like a huge pile of >dog doo doo since I stopped my Effexor on >THursday?? Was on 225mg / day, and stopped cold >turkey...

I take 150 mg once daily... I notice "withdrawal effects" if I am as little as four hours late in taking it! A few weeks ago, I got sick and couldn't keep my meds down for a day... Within
24 hours of missing the Effexor, I was crying hysterically, wishing for death, and had a NO impulse control... I cried, even slapped myself...
Finally, a close friend suggested I call my doc,
because he knew this wasn't normal behavior for me (my thinking was so clouded, I thought I was
just being a bitch)... The doc had me take my meds and within 2-3 hours, my mood had stablized
again... That was the last of SEVERAL similar experiences, so I try very hard to keep to a strict schedule with this drug. Otherwise, I could actually end up in a hospital...
My doc calls it a "boomerang" effect...
It sure is...like being clobbered with one!

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news

Posted by Steve Clements on August 25, 2000, at 23:45:56

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by saint james on December 31, 1998, at 0:42:34

> Hi everyone. I just finished watching 20-20's feature on antidepressant withdrawals, and thought I would look to see if there were any sites or links discussing Effexor withdrawals. What a wonderful thing this is to find. I was on Effexor for about 4 - 5 years, off and on, and while it was great for controlling my depression, it was hell whenever I missed a dose, or went off of it for whatever reason (such as forgetting it when I went out of town for a few days, running out of it before I was able to get my refill, etc.).

I am no longer taking it, and will never take it again. The horrible effects of both initiating and stopping treatment with it were unreal. I will spread the word as best as I can to others to avoid this medication, and to seek out other options whenever possible. Best of everything to all of you.

Steve

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news

Posted by KateT on January 23, 2001, at 3:52:06

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by saint james on December 31, 1998, at 0:42:34

Reduced 150mg to 75 mg- 1 wk later I was very depressed, headaches, anxiety, muscle and bone aches, and I wanted to sleep all day!
My doctor gave me Tylenol 3 then Vicoden. I ended up with such anxiety that I had the shakes. He the put me on Alprazolam and back to 150mg. Feel better all the way around except I realized tonight I have been taking 300 mg instead (2 pills instead of 1)

My doctor is now telling me "You are going to have to be on this medication for the rest of your life" This scares me! This all started because I want to quite smoking. That medication should be combined with Effexor. I don't want 2 addictions. And thats exactly what this is.

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news

Posted by lissy on January 23, 2001, at 7:47:07

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by KateT on January 23, 2001, at 3:52:06

>
>
> Reduced 150mg to 75 mg- 1 wk later I was very depressed, headaches, anxiety, muscle and bone aches, and I wanted to sleep all day!
> My doctor gave me Tylenol 3 then Vicoden. I ended up with such anxiety that I had the shakes. He the put me on Alprazolam and back to 150mg. Feel better all the way around except I realized tonight I have been taking 300 mg instead (2 pills instead of 1)
>
> My doctor is now telling me "You are going to have to be on this medication for the rest of your life" This scares me! This all started because I want to quite smoking. That medication should be combined with Effexor. I don't want 2 addictions. And thats exactly what this is.

I had all that too and it took about 3weeks of being off it completely before I felt better so just stick w/it and you can make it thru even though it does feel like you are going to have a breakdown (I hated everyone except my kids but they sure irritated the heck out of me) I don't feel hateful anymore or achy or teary eyed. And that was w/out any sedatives to get me thru except benadryl since my doctor was never one to believe in giving sedatives which is what I wanted instead of a.d.s since it was just for pms but that is for a different thread. Good Luck you will make it thru.

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news

Posted by Nancyk on January 24, 2001, at 9:50:00

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by lissy on January 23, 2001, at 7:47:07

> > Unfortunately, your doctor should have reduced your dosage more gradually. He should have brought you down only by 25%, taking a 75mg and a 37.5mg. IF I had ever forgotten to take a 150 mg before bed I would have very serious physical side effects by the time I got up the next morning. Reducing by 25% at a time so far has not given me this effect. Maybe you should talk to your doctor again. I hope this helps.
Good luck.
> >
> > Reduced 150mg to 75 mg- 1 wk later I was very depressed, headaches, anxiety, muscle and bone aches, and I wanted to sleep all day!
> > My doctor gave me Tylenol 3 then Vicoden. I ended up with such anxiety that I had the shakes. He the put me on Alprazolam and back to 150mg. Feel better all the way around except I realized tonight I have been taking 300 mg instead (2 pills instead of 1)
> >
> > My doctor is now telling me "You are going to have to be on this medication for the rest of your life" This scares me! This all started because I want to quite smoking. That medication should be combined with Effexor. I don't want 2 addictions. And thats exactly what this is.
>
> I had all that too and it took about 3weeks of being off it completely before I felt better so just stick w/it and you can make it thru even though it does feel like you are going to have a breakdown (I hated everyone except my kids but they sure irritated the heck out of me) I don't feel hateful anymore or achy or teary eyed. And that was w/out any sedatives to get me thru except benadryl since my doctor was never one to believe in giving sedatives which is what I wanted instead of a.d.s since it was just for pms but that is for a different thread. Good Luck you will make it thru.

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news

Posted by Alli on January 24, 2001, at 18:35:19

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by Nancyk on January 24, 2001, at 9:50:00

I just read in a book last night that dosage should be reduced by 10% for a week at a time. This is hard to do with Effexor at 37.5 mg. pills, I know. Yesterday was supposed to be my last day of taking 37.5 mg., and the way I feel I know that I can't do it. I'm going to cut a 37.5 mg. in half and see if that can help a bit. Alli.

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news » Alli

Posted by LD on January 24, 2001, at 18:41:50

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by Alli on January 24, 2001, at 18:35:19

Alli, let me know how it goes. I've come down from 225 in the past month to 75 mg (starting this week at 75). I have shocks in the morning but they go away by afternoon- I don't know if its the klonopin that takes the shocks away or the next effexor getting in my system. I'm starting to get worried now that i'm nearing the end. Good luck!
LD


> I just read in a book last night that dosage should be reduced by 10% for a week at a time. This is hard to do with Effexor at 37.5 mg. pills, I know. Yesterday was supposed to be my last day of taking 37.5 mg., and the way I feel I know that I can't do it. I'm going to cut a 37.5 mg. in half and see if that can help a bit. Alli.

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news

Posted by Nancyk on January 24, 2001, at 22:15:02

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal - very bad news, posted by Alli on January 24, 2001, at 18:35:19

Hang in there Alli!! Perhaps you should go back to your doctor and tell him/her how you are feeling. I don't know what the solution is, but you shouldn't have to feel the way you do with all of the medical tech. out there. Please let me know how things go.
nancy

I just read in a book last night that dosage should be reduced by 10% for a week at a time. This is hard to do with Effexor at 37.5 mg. pills, I know. Yesterday was supposed to be my last day of taking 37.5 mg., and the way I feel I know that I can't do it. I'm going to cut a 37.5 mg. in half and see if that can help a bit. Alli.

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal and dreams/nightmares

Posted by Missy on January 26, 2001, at 21:38:04

In reply to Effexor withdrawal and dreams/nightmares, posted by janey on November 15, 1998, at 17:42:58

Hello. I decreased my Effexor dose from 150 to 112.5mg because all I did was sleep. Even at the lower dose I was exhausted. I was having the craziest dreams. Sometimes when I woke up I would think the events actually happened. Now that I am down to 75mg I don't have the dreams anymore or the tiredness. I can't help but wonder if it is really working. My doctor suggested I take 112.5mg Mon, Wed, Fri and 75mg the other days.
When I missed 2 days I thought I was either 1)Giving myself anxiety over not having taken the med with me or 2) Really losing my mind. I was short of breath, heart racing and rocking back and forth when I wasn't walking or pacing.

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal and dreams/nightmares

Posted by Denise R. on March 30, 2001, at 0:12:04

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal and dreams/nightmares, posted by Missy on January 26, 2001, at 21:38:04

Hello everyone,
I have been taking Effexor on and off now for the past 3 years. It does wonders for my depression, but coming off it is no fun at all! My doctor had slowly weaned me off it, and I am still vomiting and experiencing real vivid dreams...not bad ones, but I sometimes have a hard time telling whether or not it was a dream, or it really happened.
By the way...the reason I have stopped effexor this time was because I was experiencing terrible body twitches from it. Has anyone else experienced this? Please let me know.
Denise

 

Re: Effexor withdrawal and dreams/nightmares

Posted by Diane J. on March 31, 2001, at 21:34:49

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal and dreams/nightmares, posted by Denise R. on March 30, 2001, at 0:12:04

> Hello everyone,
> I have been taking Effexor on and off now for the past 3 years. It does wonders for my depression, but coming off it is no fun at all! My doctor had slowly weaned me off it, and I am still vomiting and experiencing real vivid dreams...not bad ones, but I sometimes have a hard time telling whether or not it was a dream, or it really happened.
> By the way...the reason I have stopped effexor this time was because I was experiencing terrible body twitches from it. Has anyone else experienced this? Please let me know.
> Denise

Dear Denise,
I have taken Effexor for three years also, and I am going through the withdrawal process. I am at 75mg right now. I am trying to get off the drug because I don't think I need it anymore.

I have also experienced some strange side effects in the past. Many times when I went to bed at night my muscles in my legs could not relax and I kept having to stretch and move because I was so uncomfortable. Not until extreme exhaustion set in was I able to fall asleep. I have also had insomnia whenever my dose was adjusted. I would have to take Trazadone so I could get to sleep.

The twitching is also something I have felt; however, I do drink a lot of Diet Coke, and I think the caffeine may intensify this side effect.

I have also had weird dreams! I think that is common. It is even mentioned on the package insert as a possible side effect.

That is too bad about the vomiting. I have felt a little peculiar, but nothing too unpleasant. I hope things will work out okay for you.

Diane J.

 

Going through Effexor Withdrawl now

Posted by Bobina on April 7, 2001, at 22:38:31

In reply to Re: Effexor withdrawal and dreams/nightmares, posted by Diane J. on March 31, 2001, at 21:34:49

I decided to taper off Effexor after 1.5 years (with my MD's help). Tried this morning for the first time to decrease from 75 to 37.5mg. Within 4 hours my head felt fuzzy and light and I couldn't concentrate on anything. My heart was racing. I put up with it for about 4 hours then took another 37.5mg capsule. I had failed cold turkey in the past with the same symptoms & was praying the tapering would help. I am so scared I will never be able to get off of it. I want to have a baby in the next few years and don't want to be on these meds. Any advice on how to taper successfullY???????


Go forward in thread:


Show another thread

URL of post in thread:


Psycho-Babble Medication | Extras | FAQ


[dr. bob] Dr. Bob is Robert Hsiung, MD, bob@dr-bob.org

Script revised: February 4, 2008
URL: http://www.dr-bob.org/cgi-bin/pb/mget.pl
Copyright 2006-17 Robert Hsiung.
Owned and operated by Dr. Bob LLC and not the University of Chicago.